Al-Ghazali The Incoherence of the PhilosophersAlthough Abu Hamid Muhammad al Ghazali lived a relatively short life (1058 1111), he established himself as one of the most important thinkers in the history of Islam. The Incoherence of the Philosophers, written after more than a decade of travel and ascetic contemplation, contends that while such Muslim philosophers as Avicenna boasted of unassailable arguments on matters of theology and metaphysics, they could not deliver on their claims; moreover,

containing the phrase Bismillahi ar-Rahmani ar-Rahim  ﷽ which can be translated to:

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